Kinetics and selected variables (temperature, particle size and time) for extraction of Terminalia Catappa L Kernel oil (TCKO) were investigated using solvent extraction. Kinetic models studied were: parabolic diffusion, power law, hyperbolic, Elovich and pseudo second order. In ascending order, the best-fitted models at the optimum temperature and oil yield were Elovich’ s model, hyperbolic model, and Pseudo second order model. Due to highest value of linear correlation coefficient (R2) and lowest average values of Root Mean Square (RMS), absolute relative deviation (AARD %) and Standard Error of Estimation (SEE) recorded for Pseudo second order, it was selected as the best fit model. Parabolic and power law models failed to give good fit. The average maximum oil yield of 60. 45 ± 0. 05 % was obtained at temperature of 55 ° C, time of 150 min and an average particle size of 0. 5 mm. The physicochemical properties of the TCKO showed its potential for industrial applications.

Considering the possibility of the harmful side effects of synthetic antioxidants, it is necessary to substitute the synthetic antioxidants by the natural ones, the antioxidants that have been consumed by man for years. The mango seeds were washed and air dried and the Kernels were removed manually from the seeds. Mango seed Kernel oil was extracted by hexane using soxhlet extraction apparatus. The results indicated that according to mango varieties, the seed represented 6 to 7% of the whole fruit weight and this consists of 10.2% oil that contains approximately 55% and 45% saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, respectively. The induction periods of the mango seed Kernel oil samples were 58.8 - 85.2 hours. Subsequently the antioxidant activity was investigated after adding 1, 5 and 10 percent crude mango seed Kernel oil to tallow as a substrate free of natural antioxidants and determining the induction period and peroxide values at the predetermined temperatures. The addition of 1, 5 and 10% of mango seed Kernel oil to tallow caused significant increases in the induction periods of the treated oil. These results provide useful information on utilization of mango seed Kernel oil as a natural antioxidant concentrate.

Measuring the rate of changes in total polar compounds (TPC) content and polar fractions, the oxidative stability of canola oil during frying process as affected by bene Kernel oil (BKO, 0.05 and 0.1%) and tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ, 100ppm) was investigated. It was observed that the TPC content increased linearly with frying time (R2 > 0.98). The canola oil containing the BKO (especially 0.1%) was significantly capable of increasing oxidative stability. The TPC analysis by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography allowed the separation and quantification of triglyceride polymers (TGP), triglyceride dimers (TGD), oxidised triglyceride monomers (oxTGM), diglycerides (DG), and free fatty acids (FFA) during frying. The ability of the BKO to resist the TGP and oxTGM formations was near to that of the TBHQ, whereas the ability of the BKO to resist the DG and FFA formations was better than that of the TBHQ.

Internationally exploited lubricants are derived from coal and petroleum. Due to their high consumption and effects of their long-term pollution on the environment, it is imperative to use renewable and cheap feedstock for the synthesis of bio-based lubricants. This study presents the synthesis and optimization process of Ethylene Glycol (EG) based bio-lubricant from palm Kernel oil. Palm Kernel Methyl Ester (PKME) was synthesized at a reaction time of 60 min, a molar ratio of oil: methanol 1: 6, a temperature of 60 oC, and catalyst of 1 % wt/wt (in-situ transesterification) via reactive extraction. Box-Behnken design (BBD) in response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to this experimental layout. The effects of molar ratio, reaction time, and temperature on the synthesis of palm Kernel bio-lubricant (PKBL) were evaluated. The PKBL structure was characterized by Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, showing favorable lubricating properties. The PKME yielded 94. 53 wt% based on the weight of the oil, while transesterification of the in situ derived PKME with EG yielded 93. 08 wt% of the EG ester (Bio-lubricant). The maximum bio-lubricant recovery was 81. 48 wt% obtained at a molar ratio of 3: 1, time of 2. 48 h, and temperature of 135 oC. The temperature and mole ratio were established to be the most significant terms. PKBL characteristics conformed to ISO VG criteria and had a high potential for bio-lubricant feedstock.

Biodiesel is a renewable fuel that, due to increasing environmental pollution, global warming caused by fossil fuels and limited fossil fuel resources, its production has increased. Different resources contribute to the production of biodiesel such as animal fats, edible waste oil and vegetable oils. In this study, grape Kernel oil was used for production of biodiesel using potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide as catalysts and methanol. For this purpose, effect of several parameters such as temperature, reaction time, methanol to oil ratio, the amount of catalyst and type of catalyst were studied and optimal conditions for the production of biodiesel were obtained. The maximum efficiency of biodiesel production for KOH and NaOH were determined 99 and 95 %, respectively which these efficiencies were obtained in the optimum conditions such as temperature of 70oC, 1 wt. % catalyst, 90 min and methanol to oil ratio of 9: 1. For analysis of biodiesel produced in optimal conditions, the international standard ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 were used. The results showed that the properties of biodiesel using KOH such as density, viscosity, flash point, cloud point, acid number, cetane number, pour point and distillation temperature were 860 kg/m3, 3. 3 mm2/s, 160oC, 1oC, 0. 2, 52,-5oC and 342oC, respectively and this properties using NaOH were 870 kg/m3, 3. 5 mm2/s, 172oC, 4oC, 0. 15, 57,-4oC and 354oC, respectively.